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三、文意選填：10％，每題 2 分         A universally recognized symbol of barbering, the origins of the barber pole can be traced back to the Middle Ages. The barber pole’s colors are a legacy of a long-gone era when people went to barbers not just for a haircut or shave but also for bloodletting and other medicalprocedures. During the Middle Ages, bloodletting, which involves cutting open a vein andallowing blood to drain, was a common treatment for a wide range of maladies, from sore throat to plague. Monks, who often cared for the sick, performed the procedure, and barbers,  21  their skill with sharp instruments, sometimes provided assistance. After Pope Alexander III in  1163 prohibited clergymen from carrying out the procedure, barbers added bloodletting—something physicians of the day considered necessary but too menial to do themselves—to their  22  . Known as barber-surgeons, they also took on such tasks as pulling teeth, setting bonesand treating wounds. Ambroise Pare, a 16th-century Frenchman considered the father ofmodern surgery, started his career as a barber-surgeon. 
        The look of the barber pole is linked to bloodletting, with red representing blood and white representing the bandages used to stem the bleeding. The pole itself is said to symbolize the stick that a patient squeezed to make the veins in his arm stand out more prominently for theprocedure. In Europe, barber poles traditionally are red and white, but in America, the poles arered, white, and blue. One theory holds that blue is symbolic of the veins cut during bloodletting, while another interpretation suggests blue was added to the pole as a show of  23  and a nod to the nation’s flag. 
        By the mid-1500s, English barbers were banned from providing surgical treatments,  24   they could continue extracting teeth. Both barbers and surgeons, however, remained part of the same trade guild until 1745. While bloodletting largely fell out of favor with the medical community in the 19th century, it’s still used today to treat a small number of conditions. Men’s  25  has come a long way since the Middle Ages, but the barber pole still perseveresan iconic representation of the trade.
(AB) taken(AC) hairstyling(AD) maladies(AE) utilitarianism(BC) although(BD) for(BE) patriotism(CD) bloodletting(CE) repertoires(DE) given
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