問題詳情

II. Cloze
            Hypnosis is an intriguing and fascinating process. A    10    -like mental state is induced in oneperson by another, who appears to have the power to command that person to obey instructions withoutquestion. Hypnotic experiences were described by the ancient Egyptians and Greeks, while references todeep sleep and    11    have been found in the Bible and in the Jewish Talmud. In the mid-1700s, FranzMesmer, an Austrian physician, developed his theory of animal magnetism, which was the belief      12    the cause of disease was the improper distribution of invisible magnetic fluids. Mesmer used water tubsand magnetic wands to direct these supposed fluids to his patients. In 1784, a French   13    studiedMesmer’s claims, and concluded that these cures were only imagined by the patients. However, peoplecontinued to believe in this process of “mesmerism” and it was soon realized that successful results couldbe achieved, but without the need for magnets and water.
             The   14    hypnotism was first used by James Braid, a British physician who studied suggestion andhypnosis in the mid-1800s. He demonstrated that hypnosis differed from sleep, that it was a    15    response and not the result of secret powers. During this same period, James Esdaile, a Scottish doctorworking in India, used hypnotism instead of anesthetic in over 200 major surgical operations, includingleg    16    . Later that century, a French   17    , Jean Charcot, successfully experimented with hypnosis inhis clinic for nervous disorders.
           Since then, scientists have shown that the state of hypnosis is a natural human behavior,   18    canaffect psychological, social and physical experiences. The effects of hypnotism depend on the ability,willingness and motivation of the person being hypnotized. Although hypnosis has been compared todreaming and sleepwalking, it is not actually related to sleep. It involves a more active and intense mentalconcentration of the person being hypnotized.    19    people can talk, write, and walk about and they areusually fully aware of what is being said and done.
10.
(A) trance
(B) streak
(C) hurdle
(D) windfall

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